The Life Of Charlemagne By Einhard - 965 Words

The Life of Charlemagne is an edited version from the original book Two Lives of Charlemagne. The author of the original biography is Einhard, who was his close friend and younger contemporary. He wrote this biography, after his death in 814 CE to honor Charlemagne and his contributions to the Frankish dynasty. In the historical context Charlemagne is believed to have contributed largely in flourishing the Carolingian Empire. In the book, The Life of Charlemagne, Einhard describes Charlemagne’s personal life rather than the actual historical legacies. The biography seems to have many personal bias opinions which makes the source hard to trust. One example from the text itself is when he describes King Charlemagne’s physical appearance, â€Å"His neck was short and rather thick, and his stomach a trifle too heavy, but the proportions of the rest of the body prevented from noticing these blemishes (Brophy, 250).† Even Though, the author describes the king with grea t details, he is positive throughout each text and avoids giving any flawed comments. Charlemagne in the historical context made many contributions to the modern world as well as the Carolingian dynasty during his reign. After his father passed away, he united the Franks and went to several conquest to expand his kingdom in 768 (Coffin, 176). Charlemagne was believed to be a very serious Christian king. In one of the longest conquest in Saxon, which lasted about 20 years, he had forced conversion to all the people whoShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Charlemagne by Einhard1388 Words   |  6 Pages Charlemagne is described by Janet Nelson as being a role model for Einhard. Einhard himself writes in the first paragraph of The Life of Charlemagne, â€Å"After I decided to write about the life, character and no small part of the accomplishments of my lord and foster father, Charles, that most excellent and deservedly famous king, I determined to do so with as much brevity as I could.† I feel that these are sincere words about the man who cared for Einhard. I feel that Einhard’s purpose for writingRead MoreEinhard s The Life Of Charlemagne878 Words   |  4 Pages Einhard’s The Life of Charlemagne is one of several prominent texts from Mediaeval Europe. The main focus of the text is on the life of Charlemagne, the Frankish king from the Carolingian dynasty. Under his rule, the Frankish kingdom experiences an extensive period of prosperity and growth, especially in intellectually related areas since Charlemagne himself is a well-known patron of the arts (#). Hence, Charlemagne is the ruler often credited for the â€Å"Roman revival† across Mediaeval Europe. InRead MoreThe Life Of Charlemagne By The Frankish Scholar Einhard1227 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Charlemagne, written by the Frankish scholar Einhard, is a biography on the personal life and achievements of Charlemagne, a ruler of the Franks and the king of Italy. He ruled from 774-800. Einhard, a male Frankish scholar, was born to noble parents in the Main Valley, around 770 A.D. He was educated in the monastery of Fulda, and shortly after sent to the palace school of Charlemagne in Aachen. Eventually becoming a personal adviser and a close friend to the king of the Franks, he influencedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book For The Sake Of Posterity 986 Words   |  4 PagesEinhard, a German raised in the Carolingian court of Charlemagne wrote a vita as a tribute to his king around 825-826 called The Life of Charlemagne after the kings death. He wrote this book either at C harlemagne’s son King Louis’ court or at one of his numerous properties throughout the Frankish kingdom. Based on the didactic nature of the document and Einhard’s own saying that the book is â€Å"for the sake of posterity† it is likely that his writing was either meant as a historical book concerningRead MoreThe Two Lives of Charlemagne Essay708 Words   |  3 Pages The two lives of Charlemagne as told by Einhard and Notker are two medieval sources about the accounts of the life Charlemagne. Modern sources by Matthew Innes and Rosamond Mckitterick discuss how history was recorded during the medieval period and how it was suppose to be viewed in the early ages. Observing each of these sources helps get an understanding of how the writing of history is important in recorded history and how it affected how the history of Charlemagne was recorded. WritingRead MoreCharlemagne Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesCharlemagne, also known as Charles the Great and Charles I, was not only a king of France, but a commanding historical figure. Charlemagne is believed to have been born sometime around the year 742. He became King of the Franks in 768 and went on to become the Emperor of the Carolingian Empire in 800, before his death in 814. Charlemagne’s father, King Pepin (the short), officially put an end to the Merovingian line of kings to become King of the Franks, and willed that Francia be divided betweenRead More Charlemagne Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages After reading two versions of â€Å"The Life of Charlemagne†, one written by a person who lived with Charlemagne, and one who didn’t, it is evident that Charlemagne is portrayed in a negative way by the author, the Monk of St. Gall, and in a positive way by Einhard. Einhard was very close to Charlemagne. He lived at the same time and with Charlemagne himself. His version of â€Å"The Life of Charlemagne† was writing right after his death. The Monk of St. Gall wrote his version more than 70 years after Charlemagne’sRead MoreTwo Lives of Charlemagne1525 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review of Two Lives of Charlemagne After having read both versions of the life of Charlemagne there is no doubt that they differ greatly in the sense of style, audience, and emotion. By reading these two descriptions of Charlemagnes life we are able to decipher somewhat of the life he led as a shaper of early medieval European history. However, both of these versions possess the admiration of a noble man who they believe is worthy enough to be noted in history to some degree. The firstRead MoreCharles The Pious, Reign, The Life Of Charlemagne753 Words   |  4 PagesLouis the Pious’ reign, The Life of Charlemagne is a concise biography of the Frankish emperor, as written by a former member of his court, Einhard. This source provides historians with a first-hand account of Charlemagne’s activities and personality from someone close to him. It is important to first recognise the problems with this source. The clearest problem is Einhard’s personal attachment to his former Emperor, his account reflecting the affection he felt for Charlemagne. We know from Walahfrid’sRead MoreCharlemagne Essay examples1611 Words   |  7 PagesEinhards Life of Charlemagne, a very succinct description of King Charles ideals, beliefs, attitudes and traits are depicted along with his lifes territorial as well as mental conquests illustrated. Charlemagne was a man with a vision of a utopian society united under Christianity in its glorious form in an almost Camelot like kingdom. Einhards literary work gives society an insight into King Charles and what made him capable of being Augustus. As indicated by Einhard, Charlemagne was a man

What Does Body Image - 1887 Words

What is body image? If you been through adolescence you know how vital this concept is for a person passing through this stage. The vast majority of adolescents are so concern with their body image that it could lead to lifelong detrimental effects. Body image refers to the mental image of one’s own body. Conversely, it is distinct from the physical body because this refers to the actual composition and structure of one’s own physique. Although a person could be in optimal physical conditions, he/she could still have a negative body image of oneself leading to eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia nervosa or even obesity. As stated by Feldman, a culture that values a body image of being slim and fit could have a large impact on the body image an adolescent pursues to achieve. When the body image deviates from the norms of society and what is presented in the media it could lead the adolescent at time of exploration to search for new ways in order to obtain the p referred body image of society. During adolescence I had a critical and negative body image about myself. When I was fourteen years old I use to weigh two hundred pounds and was extremely dissatisfied with my body image because I knew I was obese. I remember that I use to hate going to the doctor because he would always remind me that I was overweight. Weeks would go by after the doctor’s visit and I would still be miserable about what the doctor had told me. I remember that I used get furious at my mom forShow MoreRelatedThrough The Eyes Of Art, We Stumble To Collect The Unwanted1542 Words   |  7 Pages Through the eyes of art, we stumble to collect the unwanted pieces of our bodies, the ones that were ignored, buried, and demolished by the society. The value of the body is much more complex than it to be expressed in a society dictionary. Some genres of Western art seek to explore the missing pieces of our identity that are lost because people try to conform to the soci al norms. Thus, art is not only an element of human activity but also a way for people to interpret themselves within societyRead MoreThe Importance Of Body Image1486 Words   |  6 Pages What Is Body Image? How does Media play a major role in Body Images? And how do help our young children to believe just the way there are perfect? Body image refers to both adults and young adolescents judgements about their own bodies. Although, accepting more normal body types has become a constant trend media continues to create negative effects on body images around the world by rapidly body discontentment, eating disorders, and desirable engross with appearance. Because we are exposed toRead MoreThe Negative Influence of Media on Young Women1531 Words   |  6 Pagesthen they aim towards conforming to the society’s perception of beauty. Trying to achieve a ‘mirror-image’ of what media portrays as beautiful is a goal hard to obtain, as it can lead many young females to adopt eating disorders, as well as low self-esteem. Due to these factors, I have decided to conduct a mini-research project. The project will analyse the impact of media images on the body image of young girls age 16-24. In this essay, I will provide a literature review, to either challenge orRead MoreBeauty and the Beast...of Media1237 Words   |  5 PagesMedia tells us who we are and who we should be. Although media has its positive effects, like spreading the latest news quickly, it also has many downfalls for teenagers, specifically teenage girls, who are hounded with a stream of media related to body image. Today most women always feel the need to look in a mirror whenever they see one to fix their hair or makeup, or even compare themselves to an advertisement featuring an unblemished, blonde haired, skinny woman with perfect hair and skin. EveryRead MoreMapping the Issue: Eating Disorders Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthan ever, adolescents are worrying about weight, sh ape, size and body image and. It does not help that these children are growing up in a world filled with media material emphasizing dangerously skinny bodies as beautiful and perfect. Anne Morris and Debra Katzman, authors of â€Å"The Impact of the Media on Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents† argue that the media is corrupting individuals to develop eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. â€Å"Exploring the Role Society and the Media Play inRead MoreThe Media s Influence On The Body Image804 Words   |  4 Pages Man, I wish I could look like that! How does she get her makeup to look so perfect? Her eyebrows are on point! She s so skinny and fit looking. Her skin is absolutely flawless! I wish I looked like her! Why can t I be like those girls? How many times have you watched television, searched the web, looked at magazines, or used your cell phone and have thought those things about a woman/teen girl that you have seen? Media has photoshopped, airbrushed, a nd tweaked pictures and videos to appear asRead MoreBody1122 Words   |  5 PagesOur Bodies in the Media In any civilization appearance has a huge impact on the daily lives, of those living in it. Some cultures favor piercings, others strength, some wear clothes, others do not. The contributing factors for how they appear, typically go back to traditional roots. Our culture in the US, although influenced by our history, now has to deal with an almost daily changes seen in the media. It is nearly impossible to keep up with what is â€Å"in† and how we are â€Å"supposed† to look.Read MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Society1504 Words   |  7 Pagescampaign, now it’s an unrealistic ideology of body perfection. This kind of product pushing comes with many different side effects that we as a consumer, might not realize. It is so detrimental that it becomes imbedded in your subconscious. Technology has made it to the point where it’s hard to tell what is real and fake. Advertising has created a pandemic in the way we view the body image of ourselves and the opposite sex in society. The â€Å"perfect† image is damaging to people causing an alarming growthRead MoreEating Disorder Reflection Paper1341 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of societal ideas on body image and eating disorder. Nah! you are not skinny enough, no one wants a fat guy or a girl, do not eat that you will never get skinny, sadly but truly we are consistently being reminded with phrases like these to pursue a socially accepted thin and trimmed figure. Eating disorders are chronic and serious illness that engages a person into severe irregular eating behaviors to satisfy their distress about maintaining a thin figure and low body weight. The widely knownRead MoreIs It Body Image Ideals?877 Words   |  4 PagesMarilyn Monroe, Pamela Anderson, Ryan Reynolds, Hulk Hogan are just a few examples of what Americas stem as body image ideals. These ideals change from generation to generation, culture to culture, however, their effects seem to expand the turning of time. Body images issues for both men women have created several effects including but not limited to bullying, self-murder, and self-hatred. â€Å"Bullying does not always happen in person. Cyberbullying is a type of bullying that happens online or through

Sustainable Transport Policy Free Essays

1. Developing Countries and Transportation Transportation in developing countries is considered to be a significant influence on major global issues, many of which are associated with the state of the environment and of human life. According to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries â€Å"are taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies†, but the developed countries â€Å"are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico†. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Transport Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cities within developing countries are different in their economic, political and demographic aspects. However, economic improvement can lead to growth in the road and transport infrastructure but vehicle ownership slows this rate (Gwilliam, 2003). The existing city structure and political history means that most of these cities are unable to provide efficient mass transports services due to â€Å"scatter pockets† (Gwilliam, 2003). The quickly increasing population is related with a below average proportion of the land that is allocated for transport. Whilst other sectors, such as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, transportation problems can be seen to worsen with economic development (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). It can be difficult to examine common urban transportation issues in developing countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, one of the important trends is population growth; the population density rate in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to increase to 60% by 2025; developing countries have a massive share of this rate of about 90% (Road Management Engineering Journal, 1998). Furthermore, any increase in the population leads to an increase in transport problems, such as car ownership – which has risen in developing countries in recent years along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars; this also relates to economic growth (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or three wheels is also rising, especially in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of pollution (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of suitable public transportation to match the population growth is another issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its contrast with capital costs. Hence, another phenomenon emerges which is a city’s sporadic growth without following a regular pattern. It makes it difficult for people to gain use from mass transportation and means that the city needs additional provisions for public transport and to improve the access to transport. However, these transportation trends are influenced strongly by environmental and social standards which are completely linked to life quality and production. These involve â€Å"congestion, energy consumption, air pollution, and traffic crashes† (Road Management Engineering Journal, 1998). 2. Transport problems The fundamental social and economic actions are people’s mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of transportation used worldwide and their numbers have grown massively in developing countries; especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and road infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are traffic congestion, environmental issues, safety and poverty. 2.1. Congestion This phenomenon is common in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increasing car ownership has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities reach the rate of car use and congestion as those in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average travel speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased travel time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in one-way roads is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, while in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ow nership growth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be faster than population growth; it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex relationship between urban growth and transport services. Currently about 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasingly, and developing countries share approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up about 14% of the planet’s population, equivalent to about one billion people; in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. Urbanization could be observed at a higher level in North Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilit ies and poor vehicle quality (Abuhamoud, ibid). This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the country’s rapid economic growth. It is expected that this figure will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to people’s immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy because the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle stock was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries; this was 24% in 2002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system. Much more can be done to combat congestion, such as: encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas; improving transport quality between cities; stopping transport subsidies in cities; improving road management and structure by devoting a sufficient land for roads; improving traffic management and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus stations by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and then mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could offer a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999). 2.2. Environment problems Transport and movement have a direct impact on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human health. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and Santiago, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can inflict serious damages to the public health. In addition to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines outline and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from increased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to people’s health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of oil which means an increase in CO2 emissions which directly causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people worldwide; for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing life threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the main cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy using and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately 140% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nations (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons; however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the main sourc e for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003). Additionally, there are a large number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwilliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of today’s transport seems unsatisfactory in the sustainability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanity’s health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). The environment can be improved by working to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest â€Å"inspection and maintenance (I/M) programme†, using new motorcycle technology, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the â€Å"own-price elasticity for gasoline consumption† (Gwilliam, 2003). 2.3. Safety Safety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injured due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victim’s psychological state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a dri ver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this country (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far as the road space. This has been applied in most cities in China. The deficiency of bicycle paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). However, transport safety and security can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gwilliam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced through improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable enough for all road users. 2.4. Poverty The distributional impacts of transport developments which have declined to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walking although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the main modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make fewer trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of better quality transport which can increase the opportunity for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians’ path surface and pavement design could help safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to raise attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport network in cities (Gwilliam, 2003). 3. Transport and life As the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and essential spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and people’s mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into account what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements. 4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 Climate Change The transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorization and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and climate change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). Climate change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the future (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are modes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages people’s tendency to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24% , which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expected to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emissions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through â€Å"improving fuel technology† and finding a â€Å"mode-shifting solution† (Wright and Fulton, 2005). 4.2. Peak Oil Peak oil is another issue worth mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in terms of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters – Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway – is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an enormous oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007). Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from policy interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are positive impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008). Conclusion: It is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects on the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), using new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into consideration the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to keep the current public and non-motorised transport running, in order to developing future sustainable transport and to protect the climate and the energy. References Abuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa: A review. The Social Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63. [online] http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf [accessed October 22th 2013]. Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and exporting countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. [online] http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy transport Policies Section. [online] http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf [accessed October 24th 2013]. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: a review. Journal of transport geography, 15(5), pp. 354-367. [online] http://www.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Cheng, H., Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in China’s urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), pp. 119-126. [online] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauth#!divAbstract [accessed October 25th 2013]. Dargay, J., Gately, D., Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960-2030. The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. [online] http://www.xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf [accessed October 25th 2013]. Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 33(7), 671-689. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051 [accessed October 22th 2013]. Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [accessed October 20th 2013]. Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries: Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), pp. 154-166. [online] https://webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf [accessed October 23th 2013]. TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management Engineering Journal. [online] 1-800-777-2338 http://www.usroads.com/index.html [accessed October 22th 2013]. Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. [online] http://www.sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391:challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary [accessed October 20th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. How to cite Sustainable Transport Policy, Essay examples

Operations Management Logistic Systems

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management for Logistic Systems. Answer: Introduction The inventory and purchase management is one of the most important job functions in an organization (Monczka et al., 2015). It is a powerful tool in the management of the organizational workflow. The organization needs to purchase new materials from time to time or replace the old materials in the organization. There are a variety of tasks in this Purchases Department such as purchase requisition, receiving of the goods, management of inventory workflow and the configuration of the warehouse. This report is supposed to be prepared by the Inventory and Purchase Manager and intended to be submitted to the CEO of Brisbane Outdoor. Current Purchasing and Inventory Management Process The current inventory processes at the Brisbane Outdoor was decentralized with minimal policies and regulations. The decentralized inventory tends to respond in a better manner in the event of emergency situations (Van Le et al., 2013). This is because if there is any natural disaster in one inventory location, then the other warehouse would not be affected. The current purchasing processes were based on mutual cooperation, goodwill and common-sense. There were no strict defined procedures and policies that were implemented for the inventory and purchase management (Van Le et al., 2013). The management of Brisbane Outdoor adopted some bad management practices in the inventory and purchase domains (Van Le et al., 2013). The decentralized approach made the stores to operate autonomously and independently. There was minimal cooperation between the stores as they were functioning independently (Salcedo et al., 2013). The branch managers had little interactions with them and they were unaware of the other stores operational processes. There was no uniformity in the availability of the product brands (Salcedo et al., 2013). The different stores demonstrated different range of products, which created confusion among the internal as well as external stakeholders of the company (Salcedo et al., 2013). The individual inventory stores had different management style. The stores had different SKU (Stock Keeping Unit), Stock Out and New Old Stock, which they maintained separately (Sharma Malhotra, 2015). The primary functions of the individual stores include the identification of the stored materials, receipt of all incoming materials, inspection of the products and material handling (Sharma Malhotra, 2015). The branch manager is also responsible for proper storage as well as preservation of the materials. He is also responsible for stores accounting, inventory control and stock taking of the particular store (Sharma Malhotra, 2015). There are two types of stores such as physical and functional. The company engages in segregating its operations based on these two categories. The functional store involves the segregation of the materials as per the purpose of its use (Sharma Malhotra, 2015). The physical store is meant for materials as per their structure, size, weight or location. Advantages of decentralized inventory management The company believed that the decentralized inventory management has certain advantages. They can perform the storing function as well as the controlling function easily. There will not be a delay in the material handling job function. There is less chances of inventory loss by the incident of fire as the geographical locations of the warehouse are different (Stadtler, 2015). There is no need of internal transportation costs that requires the finished products to be shifted from one location to the other (Stadtler, 2015). It is possible for the organizations to fulfill the needs of the individual departments easily (Stadtler, 2015). This is because the individual inventories were managed by individual branch managers (Stadtler, 2015). The organization also believes that they can reduce the costs associated with the handling of the materials (Stadtler, 2015). The decentralized inventory management has several advantages such as the personnel are aware of the local factors in the particular market. They are also aware of the upcoming events in the local area. This enables them to launch special promotional activities which would be best effective if done in a local area (Schmitt et al., 2015). They may also be aware of the requirements of the local customers. It is also easier for the senior management of the organization to delegate responsibility to the store personnel (Schmitt et al., 2015). The effective delegation of the responsibility would make the managers work harder and satisfy the organizational goals (Schmitt et al., 2015). There is quick decision making process as the divisional managers do not waste time in sending information to the top management (Schmitt et al., 2015). The divisional managers are closer to the regular operation of the business operations hence they can make better decisions (Kotler et al., 2015). It is eas ier for the top management to concentrate on the strategic business issues (Schmitt et al., 2015). It becomes easy for the business to evaluate the performance of the products. The managers can allocate the resources to a particular division in a convenient manner (Schmitt et al., 2015). The decentralized store options are able to meet specific events as well as needs of the organization. The local forecasting is usually more accurate (Bowersox, 2013). There is less number of issues which are caused by the communication networks (Bowersox, 2013). There is more input and subsequently better output. The branch manager is open for decision making activities and can devise innovative solutions for the organizational issues (Bowersox, 2013). There is accelerated decision making and there is quick implementation of the decisions as it takes place in the primary areas for business (Bowersox, 2013). It becomes convenient for the organization to spot the actual problems in the store. This makes the businesses to identify the weak links in the organization and take corrective actions accordingly. This increases the overall efficiency of the organization. Disadvantages of decentralized inventory management There are several disadvantages of the decentralized inventory process. The lack of expertise of the managers is a serious issue in a decentralized inventory process. The branch manager may not have sufficient years of experience in managing the store. He may fail to understand the big picture of the organization (Belin Forc, 2012). He may continue to focus on his store only and ignore the overall organizational goals. This inventory process promotes an unhealthy competition in the organization. The branch manager of one store may compete with his counterparts in other branches in an irrational manner (Belin Forc, 2012). It may foster an environment of negative competition in the same organization, which becomes a concerning issue for the top management. There are instances when these managers engage in unethical activities in order to be ahead of the competition, which causes bad reputation for the organization (Chopra Sodhi, 2014). In this form of inventory management, the local control can pose serious problem for the organization. They operate on a subjective basis using the traditional methods. They often refuse to adopt the sophisticated tools (Belin Forc, 2012). There are also chances that they over react to the certain situations where there is a strong bias for local inventories (Belin Forc, 2012). There can also be higher costs involved in the purpose of supervision. There is involvement of more space required for setting up the individual office stores. The decentralized inventory management has some pitfalls for which they are not always accepted by the organizations. There may involve high amount of investment, especially during the initial years (Chopra Sodhi, 2014). There can also be higher cost involved in the maintenance of stationary as well as employees. There are times when a lot of time is taken for the purpose of stock taking and maintaining of the purchasing inventory. The decision making of the local manager will be influenced by the local view of the organizational operations (Chopra Sodhi, 2014). There may also be some procedural differences in between the areas of authority as the local branch manager would customize the business decisions as per the local needs (Ward Peppard, 2016). There may be increased influence of the local cultures on the overall functioning of the organization (Chopra Sodhi, 2014). There may be issues in the recruitment activities at the local level. The organization may not find suitable manpower that can perform the specific tasks of the organization. Implementation of Inventory Management concepts The effective management of the inventory remains at the core of the excellence of supply chain management (Christopher, 2016). The organization usually has to manage a wide number of inventories which ranges from the raw materials to the finished goods. There are other work related process, partner inventories and others. They have to be aware of the market forces of demand and supply (Christopher, 2016). The company must strive to keep adequate levels of stocks while reducing the investments of the company (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). It should also aim for increasing the efficiency of the supply chain processes. This can be done by the implementation of the following concepts- Effective stock management should be done by keeping in mind the stock reviews, fixed time, economic order quantity, Just in Time and other standard formulas (Methot Wetzel, 2013). It is important to define the type of stocks as well as define the supply chain processes. There are usually four types of stocks involved such as raw materials, finished goods, unfinished products and consumables (Christopher, 2016). There must be implementation of stock security measures that would protect the stocks from theft and damage (Christopher, 2016). There can be damage due to several reasons of damage such as burglaries, fire, pests or insects. There should be stock replenishment which is important considerations for the company if they wish to maintain adequate stock levels (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). The maximum as well as minimum levels for the items needs to be determined along with the stock rotation practices (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). There must be adequate handling as well as packaging of the stocks such as correct packaging materials, careful handling, complete seals, use of proper bands and others (Korponai, Bnyai Ills, 2014). There should be optimum storage conditions for the inventory of the company. There should be adequate humidity control, temperature control, protection from pests and protection from sunlight (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2014). The application of the above concepts would help the company to increase organizational efficiency with reasonable investment. Recommendations Ms. Green should concentrate on restructuring of the inventory structure of the company. It is essential to create strict inventory policies that would be beneficial for the organization. The organization should adopt a centralized operation of the inventory so that it becomes convenient for the company to manage the purchasing function. There should be adequate cooperation as well as communication in between the business processes. The senior management should allow proper communication channels between the branch managers. The organization should manage the investment sources of the company. There should be integrated operational approach for the inventory management function. There should be interconnection between the purchasing functions of the company and there should be rationalization of the inventory process. The linkages should be established in a logical manner so that the organization can gain from it. What How Who When Centralized approach One source of operation Purchase Manager 6 month Cooperation Meetings Operation Manager 1 month Communication Online Seminars Senior management 1 month Investment source Networking Accounts Department 2 month Integrated operational approach Support from managers Operational Head 2 month Fig: Action Plan Source: Created by author Conclusion The operation management is one of the most important functions of the management. This report showcased some of the core concepts of the inventory management as well as purchase management. The current situation of the case study is reviewed along with the identification of operational issues. The advantages as well as disadvantages of the decentralized inventory management are discussed. The processes that can be followed for improving the efficiency of the inventory management are discussed. The concluding part of the report discusses about the recommendations for Ms. Green as well as action plan for implementing the suggestions. References Belin, J., Forc, H. (2012). Supply chain management of blood products: A literature review.European Journal of Operational Research,217(1), 1-16. Bowersox, D. J. (2013).Logistical excellence: it's not business as usual. Elsevier. Chopra, S., Sodhi, M. S. (2014). Reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions.MIT Sloan Management Review,55(3), 73. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Korponai, J., Bnyai, ., Ills, B. (2014). The Effect Of Different Packaging Concepts On Logistical Costs And Stocks.Advanced Logistic systems,8(2), 35-50. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Manceau, D., Hmonnet-Goujot, A. (2015).Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Methot, R. D., Wetzel, C. R. (2013). Stock synthesis: a biological and statistical framework for fish stock assessment and fishery management.Fisheries Research,142, 86-99. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Salcedo, C. A. G., Hernandez, A. I., Vilanova, R., Cuartas, J. H. (2013). Inventory control of supply chains: Mitigating the bullwhip effect by centralized and decentralized Internal Model Control approaches.European Journal of Operational Research,224(2), 261-272. Schmitt, A. J., Sun, S. A., Snyder, L. V., Shen, Z. J. M. (2015). Centralization versus decentralization: Risk pooling, risk diversification, and supply chain disruptions.Omega,52, 201-212. Sharma, S., Malhotra, A. (2015). Safety stock calculations and inventory analysis: a practical approach for the FMCG case in a South-East Asian country.International Journal of Advanced Logistics,4(3), 131-144. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Van Le, D., Huynh, L. T., Claudiu, K. V., Achim, M. (2013). The impact of inventory sharing on the bullwhip effect in decentralized inventory systems.Logistics Research,6(2-3), 89-98. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning. Zhao, Y., Zhao, X. (2015). On human decision behavior in multi-echelon inventory management.International Journal of Production Economics,161, 116-128.

Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario

Abstract Recent researches show that the rate of suicide among the First Nations young people is increasingly frightening, more so among Aboriginal people of North Ontario region of Canada.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Estimates show that the rate of suicide among Aboriginal is 2-3 times higher as compared to that of non-Aboriginals of Canada (Health Canada, 2003) and when the overall youth population is analyzed, estimates show that Aboriginal youth suicide rate is 5-6 times higher than that of non-Aboriginal youth (Health Canada, 2003). Numerous factors have been cited to cause suicide among the Aboriginal people such as socio-psychological, economical, political, religious and cultural (Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, n.d). The government together with other stakeholders has establi shed numerous suicide prevention strategies, but as many researchers and analysts state, the program has largely failed to accomplish the stated goals, thus suicide cases and rates are still prevalent and high. Therefore, the emphasis of this paper will be to evaluate the Suicide policy in Aboriginal communities in Northern Ontario and provide recommendations for possible re-invention of the policy. Keywords: Aboriginal, suicide, action research, policy, policy re-invention. Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario The issue of suicide in society has attracted numerous literatures where each piece of writing tries to explain the origin or source of suicide. Such literatures utilize the numerous theories that exist in explaining and analyzing the issue of suicide. Today, there are many theories that have been formulated by many researchers, which explain why people commit suicide in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in 1935, Freud formulated a theory, which postulated that people commit suicide to express their aggressive behaviors (Johnson, 2010, p.36). Shneidman and Farberow (1957) had a theory where they examined suicide in the context of comparing individuals with others using indicators of social acceptance. On his part, Durkheim (1979) argued that suicide results from absence of social integration and social regulation (Johnson, 2010). Further, to Linehan (1993), suicide can be explained as a process which individual opts to in order to eliminate pain and suffering especially when the individual lacks appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). Jamison (1999) was categorical on the issue of suicide where he noted that suicide manifested a wide impacts of pain and continuous disappointment among the victim and when such victims choose to terminate their lives, the general impression is that their life is characterized by absence of appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). All these theories foster one important aspect about suicide, which is; suicide, as a concept is multidimensional and complex problem, which makes it more difficult to make assessment and treatment, but at the same time, it is clear that almost all suicides share some mental conditions. Suicide among the Aboriginal communities The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee identifies suicide as a special and urgent issue among the Aboriginal people. The observation of the committee is that Aboriginal people have un-addressed internal anguish that threatens to overpower them. The committee describes the causes of suicide among the Aboriginals to be â€Å"the expression of a kind of collective anguish-part grief, part anger-tearing at the minds and hearts of many people. This anguish is the cumulative effect of 300 years of colonial history: lands occupied, resources seized, beliefs and cu ltures ridiculed, children taken away, power concentrated in distant capitals, and hopes for honorable co-existence dashed over and over again† (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Center for Suicide Prevention, in its publication, notes that during the pre-European contact era, suicide among the Aboriginal population in Canada was uncommon, and that suicide rates escalated during the past few decades. At the same time, in 1999, Health Canada established that suicide and self-injury cases had increased to assume the leading position as major cause of death among young people and adults up to about the age of 44 (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). During the same year, it was established that suicide and self-injury reported ca ses accounted for almost 38 per cent of deaths among the adolescents and young people while deaths among adults stood at 23 per cent (Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). Conducting another research in 1995, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples established that the rate of suicide among the Aboriginal population was three times more when compared with the general population of Canada (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). From the year 2000, the rate of Aboriginal suicide has been estimated to be twice that of overall national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949) and from 1999 to 2003 in Inuit regions, the rate of suicide has been ten times when compared with the national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949). Notably, adolescents who have Indian registration status are believed to be more likely to die from suicide than the average Canadian adolescent is (Austin, 2010). Calling it an ‘epidemic’ The Edmonton Journal article observed that the rate of suicide in the whole nati on of Canada was particularly higher among the Inuit population, where suicide cases among the population was estimated to be seven times the national rate which was 11.3 cases of suicides for every 100,000 persons (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). Summarizing these astonishing data the article noted that suicide in the country had, â€Å"overshadowed communities even the healthy communities† (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These suicide rates for Aboriginal population may not be accurate since there have been some cases of underreporting. For instance, data information collected by the Statistics Canada are only for those who have Aboriginal status hence excluding non-status First Nations groups such as Mà ©tis and the Inuit people (Austin, 2010). Further, the rate of suicides that can be regarded to be accidental among the Aboriginal people is 4-5 times higher than that of the general population, and almost 25 per cent of these deaths may be from suicide (White and Johnson, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). At the same time, although it is a clear fact that suicide rate is higher among the Aboriginal population as compared to other Canadians, it must also be recognized that not every Aboriginal community in Canada experiences high rates of suicide (White and Jodoin, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). There exist marked differences that are able to be observed between provinces, regions and also between the var ious communities found in a similar geographical region. For example, while carrying out study for British Columbia’s Aboriginal communities, Chandler and Lalonde (1998) established that some particular communities possessed suicide rates of about 800 times when compared to the national average whereas in other communities suicide rate was totally unknown by the people (cited in Austin, 2010). Contributing factors to suicide among Aboriginal Numerous factors have been identified and explained and the conclusion has been that, in one way or in multiple ways, the factors have contributed to suicide among the Aboriginal. For instance, Minore, Boone, Katt, and Kinch (1991) identify key factors, which they term to be internal to the individual and that have the ability to lad an individual to commit suicide. These internal factors are categorized into four groups: inter-personal relationships, suicide specific experiences, cultural grounding and future anxiety (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Interpersonal relationships have to do largely with the individual’s family and peer friends and most young people claim that they commit suicide as a result of little or no communication between parents and children, children having feelings that they are not loved or wanted and also lack of experiencing quality love as a child, and stress as a result of failed relationships for the adolescents (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Suicidal specific experiences have also been identified whereby specific suicide experiences are believed to have strong effect particularly on the adolescents. These experiences manifest themselves as ‘a contagion factor’ where cluster patterns of deaths have occurred. This is stimulated by unresolved bereavement or grief which may encourage adolescents to follow suit of their colleagues who commit suicide (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The third factor has been associated with the level of cultural awaren ess especially among the adolescents. What is evident is that there exist a wide age gap between the youth and elders among the Aboriginal communities and sadly, the elders are failing to transfer the wisdom of Aboriginal community to the young generation. As such, lack of connectedness to the Aboriginal culture and language is facilitating suicidal cases in the population (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The article by Edmonton Journal identifies that the rate of suicide is influenced by factors such as deteriorating and unsupportive economy coupled with unemployment, rampant use of drugs and alcohol, mental illness and sexual abuse (Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). On their part, three authors Dorin, Kaltemback and Rahal (2007) observe that many Aboriginal people have found themselves trapped in a vicious circle of unemployment, poverty and low esteem, the paramount factors that encourage youth to destroy themselves. Leenaars (1998) on his part conducts an extensive study of fa ctors that lead to suicide deaths among the northerners of Canada who largely are Aboriginal and his findings indicate that the northerners of Canada are engaged in chronic self-destructive behaviors. The author identifies the Inuit adolescents as worst affected group in which suicide deaths takes place. Further, the author categorizes the factors as psychobiological factors, life history or situational factors and the socio-economic factors (Leenaars, 1998, p.354). Writing on the same topic, Irwin (1985) and Tsai (1989) identifies other key factors that contribute to suicide deaths among the Aboriginal such as: breakdown of cultural values and traditions, a lack of effective role models and leadership, the breakdown of the family unit, a lack of parenting and interpersonal skills, inability to express feelings, failure of the school system to address needs, unemployment, misuse of alcohol and loss of or blurred identity (cited in Leenaars, 1998). Other studies by Armstrong et al. ( 1978) and Dacks (1981) identified the negative effects of ‘internal colonialism’ in the northern region of Canada. The position adopted by the researchers was that this kind of internal colonialism resulted into acculturation and dependency, and as a result, numerous social problems were being experiencing by the northern communities. Such social problems include; high rates of criminal prosecutions and school drop-outs, high birth rates in Canada and rampant chronic depression, intense and unmanageable jealous, anger, and violence among most youths in the northern region. Such crude environment was portent to accelerate cases of suicides among the residents of the region (Leenaars, 1998). O’Neil (1986) on his part did extensive study of the Init youth where he concluded that the source of stress among youth of this community have less to do with change only rather have to do more with political and economic structures with constraints individual and community ef forts to establish meaningful and rewarding social environments (cited in Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Further, the author noted that majority of the northerners generally internalize their frustrations and accept failure as the result of personal shortcomings. This tendency was the main factor in promoting lack of self-esteem among most youths that in turn led to cases of suicides. O’Neil summarizes his findings by noting that, â€Å"in sum the suicide profile is personal: isolated individuals lacking in self-esteem, but it is also social: the result of cultures shattered on structural barriers† (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991, p.14). Existing Policy structure to help the Aboriginal communities Almost everybody in Canada acknowledges that there is an ‘epidemic’ as many Aboriginal youth succumb to suicide deaths. The Canadian government and other stakeholders have developed numerous policy frameworks with aim of addressing the issue of Aborig inal suicide deaths. Currently, Royal Mounted Canadian Police (RCMP) has become one of the key institutions in Canada developing, facilitating, and influencing strategic priorities for the Aboriginal population (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009). RCMP has established close ties with Aboriginal communities where the organization is involved in providing policing services to the communities and the services have evolved to become culturally competent. For instance, RCMP claims that, â€Å"we continue to influence public policy, provide policing services in hundreds of communities across Canada, and work closely with Aboriginal groups to develop innovative policing approaches that meet their distinctive needs† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). RCMP has an organ known as National Aboriginal Policing Services (NAPS) that has for time being involved in â€Å"planning, developing and managing the organization’s strategies and initiatives for working with Aborigi nal communities† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). Some of the programs NAPS fosters include: â€Å"Aboriginal Youth Training Program; White Stone-Youth Aboriginal Advisory Committee; Aboriginal Perceptions Training; Inuit Perceptions Training; Community Profiles-online reports about the detachment activities in specific communities; Annual Performance Plans, which address an offense or negative social issue that concerns the community† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009,p.1). White Stone program which is a national program trains Aboriginal youth in matters of care giving, suicide prevention and risk identification. Although the above policy may form one of the success policy frameworks in addressing the issues of the Aboriginal, other past efforts to create policy for the communities failed. For example, Armitage, (1995) notes that for the last one, half century, Canada has applied European social policy to the people of Aboriginal, and consequently, most of the policies have failed. To the author the social policies failed greatly to achieve any of the initial objectives of protection, assimilation and integration. The reasons for these failures include; assumption of racial superiority of the European, the attitude of the colonialist which largely became insensitive and imposed the policy without consultation. Further the failure was due to inability of the professional practice to mould aboriginal children (Armitage, 1995). The author suggests that as a result of the failed social policies, there was need for the development of an alternative policy based on several principles. First, Aboriginal culture to be recognized as possessing integrity and therefore to be respected; second, Aboriginal should be given freedom to enjoy the right to change and incorporate European ideas to their cultures; and finally, Aboriginal peoples have the right to the legal and material resources that are essential to guarantee alternative policies suc cess (Armitage, 1995). David et al. (n.d) discovered that most of the earlier policies paid attention to individual causation factors and therefore, the policy formulated in turn did not address the needs of the Aboriginal people. The authors proposed a holistic approach to the study of the Aboriginal people before coming up with a holistic approach to address their needs. As such, the authors proposed the Intergenerational Trauma Model which has the ability to access the consequences of intergenerational trauma across four systems (David et al., n.d). The conviction of the authors was that less emphasis was paid by the government policies to the culture of the Aboriginal, how individuals in these communities interact with their caregivers, and how individuals interact with their birth communities. The authors acknowledged the fact that most policy frameworks had recognized and proposed for culturally relevant and culturally congruent policies, little had been done to provide for a lifelong treatment models in a continuum-support approach (David et al., n.d). The authors summarize their study by noting that policies that only focus on helping people meet their personal needs are likely in ineffective way address the underlying causes of problems experienced by the Aboriginal people. Citing studies done by other researchers, the authors state that data on the rate of youth suicide in Aboriginal communities indicate a strong correlation between programs that promote positive self-image, well-being, and reduced suicides rates in the Aboriginal communities (David et al., n.d). Therefore, the authors are convinced that it is a holistic approach with ability to reconstruct the links between the individual, family, community, and the Aboriginal nation, which can adequately address the suicide issue Among the Aboriginal (David et al., n.d). Integrating Action research methodologies into Aboriginal policy Action research, since its discovery, has been involved with pra ctical issues; the kind of issues and problems, concerns and needs that arise as a routine part of activity in the real world (Winter and Munn-Giddings, 2001). The practical orientation of action research has also meant that the research is largely aimed at changing things with guiding notion that research should not only be used to gain a better understanding of the problems which arise in everyday practice but should also have the capacity to alter things. Kemshall and Littlechild (2000) observe that participation has become a key issue in the current social policy literature (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Action research promotes service user involvement in research and often service user known as wider involvement is linked with emancipatory or empowerment research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Evans and Fisher (1999) observe that service users are the ones to be given the role of identifying the need for the research rather than joining in on research projects that have been id entified already (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Generally, social research starts with open-ended inquiry where there are no already preconceived ideas and concepts, rather all the concerned people with interest in the program are incorporated here they identify the focus of the research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). The people participate in refining the objectives for the research, forming methods and also interpreting the data collected. The essence of action research is to promote collaboration among the people affected and involved in the research process. In all its operation, action research operates on three main tenets: the agenda should be created and defined by those affected or with interest in the issue. Research should be based on partnership between professional researchers and the affected groups, and lastly, the research should be based on recognition that all people possess the capacity to be creative and be part of creating change, hence need for collaboration (Lo wes and Hulatt, 2005). Re-inventing suicide policy for the Aboriginal communities Numerous research and data exist on how effective suicide and other problems facing the Aboriginal communities of northern Canada can be approached. According to Warry (1998), an effective policy to address suicide among the Aboriginal communities should be designed with the goals of community development, cultural revitalization, improved economic opportunities, and the existence of Aboriginal political control. Warry further observes that suicide among the Aboriginal communities can be viewed both in terms of metaphoric and symbolic (Warry, 1998) and the solution to this need be characterized by Aboriginal people being given time, resources and power to control their own lives and improve their communities. To achieve this, political will is necessary and a vision from Canadian leaders (Warry, 1998). On their part, McCaslin and Boyer (2009) suggested that to realize an effective policy that has capac ity to function, there should be an ongoing commitment and collaboration of community members, social health professionals and all levels of Canadian government. The authors predict that, in the long-run culturally appropriate mechanisms will be the best way to resolve suicide deaths in the communities. Chandler (1998), while suggesting on methods of preventing suicide in Aboriginal communities, he recommended that policy to address the issue should take into consideration the following key factors: land claims, self-government, education services, police and fire services, health services and cultural facilities (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003 ). Warry, providing recommendations in his report of, ‘Choosing Life’, notes that for effective solution to the Aboriginal problems especially suicide, intervention strategies should be tailored-made based on three broad categories. These include, the development of community-based crisis intervention; the sustained commitment to culturally appropriate, holistic health promotion; and long-term community healing strategies to improve the overall mental-health environment for Aboriginal children, youth and families (Warry, 1998). From the above recommendations, it is clear that for an effective policy on suicide among the Aboriginal communities, there should be collaboration efforts between key stakeholders and action research is paramount. At the same time, recognition and respect of the Aboriginal cultures is necessary and lastly, empowerment of the Aboriginal people is necessary to guarantee any policy initiative success. Guided by the immense literature and analysis of the numerous policy framework of Canada for the Aboriginal people, the following is a re-invented proposed policy that can be used to intervene in the issue of suicide among the Aboriginals. Constructing Aboriginal worldviews No policy initiative can take place and succeed without first having a clear worldview of the Aborigin al people. Worldview of any group of people affects their belief systems, decision making, assumptions and modes of problem solving (Ibrahim, 1984 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). LaFromboise, Trimble and Mohatt (1990) analyses the concept of worldview and suggest that, â€Å"knowledge of and respect for an Aboriginal worldview and value system which varies according to individual’s tribe, level of acculturation and other personal characteristics is fundamental not only for creating the trusting relationship of cooperation but also in helping and defining the intervention style or approach most appropriate for each individual† (cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009, p.338). Creating balance in the intervention program An effective intervention policy among the Aboriginal people should be able to address the dimensions of the self, which include mental, physical, emotional and spiritual as equal parts of a larger whole (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). When any of these is isolated then the whole program or policy will become dysfunctional. Balance is essential for the Aboriginal people since they view the world to be balance of transcendental forces, human beings and the natural environment. Connectedness/involvement of the community Aboriginals are in great capacity interconnected where the cultures of the communities is seen to be a series of relationships that start with the family (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). For the various problems prevalent in the communities, it has been suggested that the best place to create and implement programs to deal with such problems is in the community itself (Nelson and McCoy, 1992 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). Further, it has been observed that when externally designed systems and policies are imported to the communities they are likely to fail (Health Canada, 2003). Hence, there is need for community engagement where both the parents and the youth should be included in developing the ap propriate policy, expounding values and also shaping the results of precedence issues (Health Canada, 2003). Guarantee cultural stability In essence, cultural stability involves the process of transmitting knowledge, values and identity from one generation to another in any particular community (Health Canada, 2003). Transmission has to take place with a great sense and consideration of individual and collective health and wellbeing, belief with confidence in future whereby decisions made now have impact for the future as the culture of the people is concerned. The essence here is that, there should be a constant re-creation and re-invention of Aboriginal community practices in a way that respect, uphold, connect and honor the past. Capacity building Capacity building needs to be the ground upon which any meaningful policy operates. Capacity building should be enhanced and foster in order to improve the knowledge and skills of the Aboriginal communities so that in future the communi ties are able to tackle and find solution to the various problems affecting them (Health Canada, 2003). The policy should ensure that youth are empowered in terms of learning and acquiring skills which they can use to resolve problems affecting them. At the same time, government role should be to provide key resources to facilitate the capacity building in different levels of the communities. Effective capacity building should be promoted in key areas of economy, education, governance, and health of the Aboriginal communities. Conclusion Suicide is a problem that continues to affect the Aboriginal communities of Northern Ontario. Various intervention measures have been designed with aim of helping families and other groups to deal with the issue, but as statistics continue to show, suicide is still an ‘epidemic’ in the region. Aboriginal people are victims to cruel colonial system, isolation, discrimination and unfair justice but continue to find solace in their culture and religion. To effectively initiate and implant a policy that can address the issue of suicide, key stakeholders need to recognize the critical role of action research, which, apart from inquiring it has the ability to seek ‘relevant’ solution to key problems. Further, effective policy framework will only work for the Aboriginal communities when the particular policy is able to address community involvement, empowerment, and decentralization of decision making organs, respect of the Aboriginal culture and promotion of collaboration. References Armitage, A. (1995). Comparing the policy of aboriginal assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-hBstoLN-MCpg=PA238dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Austin. (2010). Psychiatric and mental health nursing for Canadian practice. Lippinco tt Williams Wilkins. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=_ioMN2DNrdoCpg=PA949dq=Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=eeeuTLqaEZO54Ablg5HzBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=Suicide%20Among%20Canadian%20Aboriginal%20Peoplesf=false. Center for Suicide Prevention. (2003). Suicide among Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:7nyc0PYaYRQJ:www.suicideinfo.ca/csp/assets/alert52.pdf+sucide+rates+among+the+Aboriginals+of+Canadahl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESj33WEBojx_0v2j8w_msXVrO3PevHfv4V4e3zVJDkSzZp1RPM_o1u7Mf2mzD15SFv6iksq0iVZuvG93YE7nuwxcBd_bDtXTHtBnz3V1o67m4WJnFwq8OLZDuaPZVI5NNe8NvbsJsig=AHIEtbS1fnGVzps58jGlBV-Iqs12R8oTWA. David, H. et al. (N.d). Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada. Toronto, the Homeless Hub Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=aHemBXz1sZECpg=PT606dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL- nDM 7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false Dorin, J., Kaltemback, M. and Rahal, S. (2007). Canadian Civilization. Presses Univ. du Mirail. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=0v2JgD5HcMMCpg=PA49dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Edmonton Journal. (2007). Aboriginal suicide rate ‘epidemic’. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=b40747b2-00fe-49bc-8609-1d90c33b5360. Health Canada. (2003). Acting on What We Know: Preventing Youth Suicide in First Nations. Advisory Group on Suicide Prevention. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.6thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.6%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbRW9UKhY uDt7ggR3aE29EFq7ZZoCA. Johnson, O. N. (2010). Blue Wall of Silence: Perceptions of the Influence of Training on Law Enforcement Suicide. FL, Universal-Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=vOd6MFZ-72MCpg=PA36dq=theories+of+suicidehl=enei=-dquTJaJNsfm4wb3x4nOBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=theories%20of%20suicidef=false. Kirmayer, L. J. and Valaskakis, G. G. (2009). Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSACpg=PA243dq=RE-INVENTING+CANADIAN+ABORIGINAL+SUICIDE+POLICYhl=enei=7hKwTOfrNIiP4gbIld39Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Leenaars, A. A. (1998). Suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=spGsTJFoMTACpg=PA354dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum= 6ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false. Lowes, L. and Hulatt, I. (2005). Involving service users in health and social care research. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=h1NokQrEAH4Cpg=PA66dq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=social%20action%20researchf=false. McCaslin, W. D. and Boyer, Y. (2009). First Nations Communities at risk and in crisis: Justice and Security. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Retrieved from http://www.naho.ca/jah/english/jah05_02/V5_I2_Communities_03.pdf. Minore, B., Boone, M., Katt, M. and Kinch, R. (1991). Looking in, Looking out: Coping with Adolescent suicide in the Cree and Ojibway Communities of Northern Ontario. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.3thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.3%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbSjv afaOrRNiDlXOuQLOSfAxGupZw. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. (N.d). Suicide: Suicide among Canada’s First Nations. Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/sui_nati.htm. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2009). Serving Canada’s Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/aboriginal-autochtone/abo-aut-eng.htm. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee. (N.d). Choosing Life: Special Report on Suicide among Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/resourcecentre/ResourceView/2/2851 Warry, W. (1998). Unfinished dreams: community healing and the reality of aboriginal self-government. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNuPgi_-PMCpg=PA142dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. Winter, R. and Munn-Giddings, C. (2001). A handbook for action research in health and so cial care. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=5korMs_qC3ICprintsec=frontcoverdq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. This research paper on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario was written and submitted by user Amani Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gender inequality summary Essays

Gender inequality summary Essays Gender inequality summary Essay Gender inequality summary Essay Also, since women can become pregnant at any time, employers do not want to deal with paid time off for paternal leave. Our group decided on two ideas that we feel would decrease the wage gap in the workplace immensely. The first idea is daddy leave and the second is a college campaign and petition. In Norway, they have a law in which new fathers receive ten weeks of paid time off that cannot be given to the mother. This changes the dynamic of their society to lessen the severe gender role differences like we have in the states. It allows men to be okay with taking ore of a role in raising their children and staying home with them. This idea transfers over into the hiring process in the workplace because women will not be discriminated against for the chance of pregnancy because men also receive the paternity leave. Also, the overall attitude that women should stay at home to take care of children changes as well. In the twenty years that Norway has implemented this law, the wage gap has decreased by almost half of what it was. The second idea our group came up with was to make college students and he younger generation aware of how severe this wage gap issue really is. We would start with our own campus at Grand Canyon University by posting up flyers with important facts around campus. We would then hold a meeting in Pets Coffee to go over the severity of the issue and how it affects our generation. A petition would be handed around to propose to the government that daddy leave should be implemented in our society. To market our proposal and make others aware, a free shirt would be handed out that reads equal pay for bee which would catch the attention of other allege students because of the lingo. : We would do this all in hopes that the petition would be passed around and receive enough votes to be considered by the government. Although it will take a long time for the wage gap to become equal, we believe that it is not impossible. If more people take a stand against the issue and put our ideas to work, over time that gap will decrease drastically. Since women are equal to men, there is no reason they shouldnt be able to hold the same jobs and receive the same pay.

Consultancy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consultancy Report - Essay Example Further, the practice of recommendations through incentives is a major ethical issue that needs to be curtailed. It is important for the three firms to reorganize their acts and put on a higher degree of professionalism when it comes to competitiveness. It is this way that will lead to lesser unethical practices where there will be lesser stealing of product formula and incentive recommendation practices by the three firms leading to a civilized pharmaceutical industry that other firms will look up to as their model industry. The three companies selected for this discussion are: Novartis AG, GlaxoSmithKline Plc and Pfizer Inc. These companies are the three largest pharmaceutical companies in the world employing over 300,000 people across the world and sharing more than $150 billion in revenues in between them. The three firms are very innovative and compete with each other on their brand equity and image. Ethics is defined as the standards that enable one to tell the difference between right and wrong. Thus, ethics is a standard that can vary for each individual, company or entity. The ethics standards of a truthful and honest person will be higher than that of a regular liar. Ethics is what enables one to judge something as right or wrong. It is highly qualitative and as mentioned earlier, can differ greatly for two entities (Framework for ethical thinking, 2009). Focusing constantly on innovation and quality, it is not possible for any of these firms to engage in quality compromise as it would not only be detrimental to human life but would also endanger there future existence in the market. Thus, ethics is one of the most important pillars of operations in the pharmaceutical industry. However, this quality is not religiously practiced when it comes to competition. Novartis, Pfizer and Glaxo manufacture a wide variety of medicines and drugs that are cures for the same diagnosis: the only differences lie in